Quarks may be the basic building blocks of matter, but it's a fundamental unit of biology -- genes -- that Quark Pharmaceuticals is interested in. The drug development company is using cutting-edge RNA interference (RNAi) technology to develop small-interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, or drugs that inhibit targeted genes from producing proteins associated with certain diseases. Its lead product RTP801i-14, which it has licensed to Pfizer, aims to treat wet age-related macular degeneration (a cause of blindness in the elderly). Quark Pharmaceuticals is developing other candidates for ailments such as acute renal (kidney) failure, hearing loss, and dyslipidemia (a metabolic syndrome).

Vion Pharmaceuticals was founded in 1992 and is based in New Haven, Connecticut. On December 17, 2009, Vion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. filed a voluntary petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware. Vion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a development-stage pharmaceutical company, develops and commercializes therapeutics for the treatment of cancer. It has two agents in clinical trials, Onrigin and Triapine. Onrigin, a novel alkylating agent that damages DNA to prevent cancer cells from reproducing, is in various clinical trials for the treatment of various indications, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), relapsed AML, de novo poor-risk, small cell lung cancer, brain tumors, myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hematologic malignancies, and solid tumors. Triapine is a small molecule in various clinical trials to prevent the replication of tumor cells by blocking a critical step in DNA synthesis. Vion company's other products and product candidates include MELASYN, a water-soluble, synthetic version of melanin for formulation of skin care products and cosmetics; and Nucleoside Analogs, known as elvucitabine, which is in Phase II clinical trials as an antiviral drug for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus.

Lipoxen Plc, a biopharmaceutical company, develops drug and vaccine delivery systems, and proprietary products in the fields of protein drugs, vaccines, and oncology. The company’s product candidates under development include ErepoXen for the treatment to maintain the red blood cell population and prevent anaemia; StimuXen for the treatment of neutropenia; InferoXen for hepatitis C; SuliXen for the treatment of type II diabetes; LipoNeu for streptococcus pneumoniae; LipoTet, an oral liposomal tetanus vaccine; HepaXen to prevent and treat hepatitis B; LipoRab, a rabies vaccine candidate; and LipoTaxen, an anti-cancer drug for the treatment of lung, breast, ovarian, and other cancers. It has operations in the United States, Europe, and India. Lipoxen Plc has a collaboration agreement with Pharmsynthez JSC. The company is based in London, the United Kingdom.

Merck & Co., Inc. company was founded in 1891 and is headquartered in Whitehouse Station, New Jersey. Merck & Co., Inc. provides products for human and animal health primarily in the United States. The company's Pharmaceutical segment offers human health pharmaceutical products, such as therapeutic and preventive agents. Its products comprise Singulair, a leukotriene receptor antagonist for the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis; Cozaar, Hyzaar, Vasotec, and Vaseretic, the hypertension and/or heart failure products; Fosamax and Fosamax Plus D for treating osteoporosis; Januvia and Janumet for type 2 diabetes; Cosopt and Trusopt, the ophthalmological products; Zocor, an atherosclerosis product; Maxalt for acute migraine; Propecia to treat male pattern hair loss; Arcoxia to treat arthritis and pain; Proscar to treat symptomatic benign prostate enlargement; and Emend for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced and post-operative nausea and vomiting.Merck & Co.'s Vaccines segment comprises human health vaccines, such as preventative pediatric, adolescent, and adult vaccines. Its products include Gardasil to prevent cervical cancer, pre-cancerous and low-grade lesions, vulvar and vaginal pre-cancers, and genital warts; Varivax to prevent chickenpox; ProQuad, a pediatric combination vaccine against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella; M-M-R II, a vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella; RotaTeq to protect against rotavirus gastroenteritis in children; Zostavax for preventing shingles; Primaxin and Cancidas, anti-bacterial/anti-fungal products; Isentress, Crixivan, and Stocrin, antiretroviral therapies for the treatment of HIV infection; and Invanz for the treatment of infection. Merck & Co. has research, collaboration, or licensing agreements with Neuromed Pharmaceuticals, Ltd.; ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; GTX, Inc.; Idera Pharmaceuticals; Japan Tobacco Inc.; Galapagos NV; AstraZeneca plc; Metabasis Therapeutics Inc.; Addex Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; and Nuevolution A/S.

Sanofi-Aventis was founded in 1970 and is headquartered in Paris, France. Sanofi-Aventis is a pharmaceutical group engaged in the research, development, manufacture and marketing of healthcare products. The Company's business includes two main activities: pharmaceuticals and human vaccines through sanofi pasteur. In its pharmaceutical activity, Sanofi-Aventis specializes in six therapeutic areas: thrombosis, cardiovascular, metabolic disorders, oncology, central nervous system (CNS) and internal medicine. The Company offers vaccines in five areas: pediatric combination vaccines, influenza vaccines, adult and adolescent booster vaccines, meningitis vaccines, and travel and endemic vaccines. On September 1, 2008, Sanofi-Aventis acquired the Australian company, Symbion CP Holdings Pty Ltd (Symbion Consumer). On September 25, 2008, it acquired Acambis plc. In January 2009, the Company sold its French plant of Colomiers to French pharmaceutical company Unither. In April 2009, the Company acquired Mexican generic company, Laboratorios Kendrick.

Cangene Corporation company makes plasma products known as hyperimmunes, which are antibody preparations and recombinant biopharmaceuticals made by introducing a gene in a host organism. Cangene's drugs are used to treat plasma-derived disorders, including the blood clotting disorder thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic disease of the newborn, which occurs when a fetus' blood type is incompatible with its mother's. Cangene has several approved products and is developing others, mainly in the areas of infectious disease and biodefense. Generic giant Apotex owns more than 80% of Cangene.

Telik, Inc. company was founded in 1988 and is based in Palo Alto, California. Telik, Inc., a clinical stage drug development company, focuses on discovering and developing small molecule drugs to treat cancer and inflammatory diseases. Telik company's advanced investigational drug candidates in clinical development are TELINTRA, a modified glutathione analog for the treatment of cytopenias due to myelodysplastic syndrome or chemotherapy, and TELCYTA, a tumor-activated prodrug for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Telik's product candidates were discovered using its proprietary drug discovery technology, TRAP, which enables the discovery of small molecule drug candidates.

Cambridge Laboratories Limited company was founded in 1987 and is now owned by its board of directors. Cambridge Laboratories develops and distributes pharmaceuticals to treat the central nervous system, cancer, vitamin deficiency, and other niches. Its product line includes ImmuCyst (for treatment of superficial bladder cancer), Nabilone (chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting), and Gelclair (oral ulcers and inflammation). Cambridge Labs has distribution alliances to market its products in over 40 countries.

Clinimetrics Research Associates, Inc. company is a contract research organization (CRO) that provides clinical research services, consulting, project management, data management, and electronic data capture services through most stages of clinical trials. Its services aim to control costs for customers including global biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and medical device companies. It specializes in biotech development, as well as in therapeutic areas such as oncology and cardiology research. Clinimetrics has locations throughout North America. The company is a subsidiary of institutional pharmacy operator Omnicare.

Merz may be a little sterile, but it aims to take care of every part of the functioning human organism. Merz primarily makes pharmaceuticals, focusing on therapies for central nervous system and liver metabolism. The company also offers several OTC products, including cold remedies, skin care products, and vitamin supplements under the brand names tetesept and Merz Special. Subsidiaries include Merz Pharmaceuticals, Merz Consumer Care, Merz Dental, maker of dental equipment and artificial teeth, and Merz & Krell, which produces Senator-brand writing instruments.

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