The National Institutes of Health (NIH), through its own research and the distribution of grants, seeks to understand disease inside and out. Part of the US Department of Health and Human Services, the NIH is the government's main medical research entity. It comprises 27 institutes and centers covering every medical discipline, from general medical sciences to alternative therapies. The organization has nearly 6,000 scientists of its own and gives out some 50,000 grants to researchers at more than 3,000 universities, hospitals, and research labs in all 50 states. Among its vast array of projects, NIH has supported efforts to develop an AIDS vaccine, map human genetic variation, and study avian flu.

Minster Pharmaceuticals plc, through its subsidiary, Minster Research Limited, develops pharmaceutical compounds for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric conditions in the United Kingdom. Its products pipeline comprises Tonabersat, which is in Phase IIb clinical trial for the prevention and treatment of migraine; and Sabcomeline, a Phase IIa clinical trial product for the management of cognitive decline and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. The company is based in Saffron Walden, the United Kingdom.

CorMedix believes the way to a healthy heart is through the kidney -- and vice versa. The biopharmaceutical company develops medications for the treatment and prevention of cardiorenal disease (kidney and related cardiac dysfunctions), including a liquid and gel used to prevent infection and clotting which can occur during intravenous treatments, such as dialysis and chemotherapy. Also, in an agreement with Shiva Biomedical, the company is developing a new formulation of the drug deferipone, to be used in the prevention of kidney damage in high-risk patients. The company expects to market its products worldwide. CorMedix, controlled by a group of its officers, filed to go public in November 2009.

Gilead Sciences Inc. company was founded in 1987 and is headquartered in Foster City, California. Gilead Sciences, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, engages in the discovery, development, and commercialization of therapeutics for the treatment of life-threatening infectious diseases. Its products include Truvada, Viread, Atripla, and Emtriva for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection in adults; Hepsera, an oral formulation for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B; AmBisome, amphotericin B liposome injection to treat serious invasive fungal infections; Flolan, an injected medication for the long-term intravenous treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary hypertension; and Vistide, an antiviral medication for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).Gilead Sciences Inc. company also offers Tamiflu, an oral antiviral for the treatment and prevention of influenza A and B; Macugen, an intravitreal injection for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration; Letairis, an endothelin receptor antagonist for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with WHO Class II or III symptoms; and Cicletanine, which is being evaluated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Gilead Sciences has operations in North America, Europe, and Australia. The company has research collaborations with Abbott Laboratories, Inc.; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc.; Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc.; Genelabs Technologies, Inc.; Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Japan Tobacco, Inc.; Parion Sciences, Inc.; LG Life Sciences, Ltd.; and University of Texas System. It also has commercial collaborations with Astellas Pharma, Inc.; Emory University; F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd.; Pfizer, Inc.; Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.; OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; GlaxoSmithKline, Inc.; Japan Tobacco, Inc.; and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company.

Trinity Biotech plc was founded in 1992 and is headquartered in Bray, Ireland. Trinity Biotech plc develops, acquires, manufactures, distributes, and sells diagnostic test kits and instrumentation worldwide. The company offers clinical laboratory products, including diagnostic tests and instrumentation, which detect infectious diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, blood coagulation, and autoimmune disorders. It also sells raw materials to the life sciences industry. In addition, the company offers point of care diagnostic tests, which are carried out in the presence of the patient, principally to diagnose the presence of HIV antibodies in the patient. Its customers include hospitals, clinical laboratories, commercial reference laboratories, and research institutions. The company sells its products through distributor partners, as well as directly in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany.

Sangamo BioSciences, Inc. was founded in 1995 and is based in Richmond, California. Sangamo BioSciences, Inc. engages in the research, development, and commercialization of zinc finger DNA-binding proteins (ZFPs) for gene regulation and gene modification in the United States. Its ZFPs can be engineered to make ZFP transcription factors (ZFP TFs), proteins that can be used to turn genes on or off; and ZFP nucleases, proteins that enable to modify DNA sequences in various ways. The company’s ZFP Therapeutic, SB-509, a plasmid formulation of a ZFP TF activator of the vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) gene, which is in three Phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy and one Phase 2 trial for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It also develops SB-728-T, which is in the Phase 1 clinical trial for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. In addition, Sangamo BioSciences, Inc. involves in the preclinical development programs of ZFP therapeutics that focus on spinal cord injury, stroke, traumatic brain injury, neuropathic pain, and Parkinson's disease. Additionally, the company has research-stage programs in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, hemophilia, and hemoglobinopathies. It has license agreements with companies, including Dow AgroSciences, LLC;Sigma-Aldrich Corporation; Pfizer, Inc.; Genentech Inc.; and Medarex, Inc., as well as has research agreements with Amgen Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc., Novartis A/G, and Kirin Brewery Company.

Astex Therapeutics (formerly Astex Technology) is working on Pyramids, but on a much, much smaller scale than the Egyptians did. Astex Therapeutics Limited company's Pyramid is a fragment-based drug discovery platform that utilizes X-ray crystallography to develop small molecule drugs. Astex is using the Pyramid platform to develop new therapies for Alzheimer's disease, numerous types of cancers, and chronic inflammation. The company relies in part on a large group of investors for funding. Some of its main investors include Oxford Biosciences, Advent International, Apax, Bayer Schering, and Johnson & Johnson. Astex is collaborating with Novartis andJanssen Pharmaceutica on drugs for the treatment of cancer.

IBEX Technologies Inc. company develops and sells a series of proprietary enzymes for use in pharmaceutical research, particularly for arthritis and oncology. It markets diagnostic assays for use in arthritis tests that monitor the deterioration of cartilage; other assays monitor the rebuilding of cartilage. IBEX also provides enzymes for use as reagents used in hemostasis monitoring devices (for blood coagulation detection during certain surgical procedures). The majority of the company's sales are in the US (50%), followed by Europe and Canada, where sales revenues are split evenly. The publicly-traded company, founded in 1972, is led by CEO Paul Baehr.

Thallion Pharmaceuticals develops products for the treatment of cancer and infections. Thallion has three leading products in various developmental stages. The Shigamabs drug candidate is targeted to treat Shigatoxin producing E. coli infections. The company's TLN-232 is being evaluated as a treatment of a number of cancer conditions. Its TLN-4601 is another oncology focused treatment. Thallion was considering the possible sale of the company until it received a nearly $9 million capital infusion through an arrangement with Premium Brands. Though Thallion's operations didn't change, and it's still owned by the same shareholders, the move did take the company public.

Generex Biotechnology Corporation company was founded in 1983 and is based in Toronto, Canada. Generex Biotechnology Corporation, a development stage company, engages in the research, development, and commercialization of drug delivery systems and technologies for metabolic and immunological diseases. It develops a proprietary platform technology for the oral administration of large molecule drugs, including proteins, peptides, monoclonal antibodies, hormones, and vaccines. The company's products include Generex Oral-lyn, an insulin spray formulation used for the treatment of Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes; Glucose RapidSpray, which provides an alternative for people who require additional glucose in their diet, as well as delivers glucose formulation directly into the mouth; BaBOOM! Energy Spray, an instant energy spray designed to increase energy levels for sports, work, study, travel, and overall fatigue; and Crave-NX, a fat-free glucose spray that is used as an aid for dieters. Generex Biotechnology Corporation's under development products include medicinal chewing gum for the treatment of Type-2 diabetes mellitus and obesity; morphine and fentanyl products for breakthrough and postoperative pain; and AE37, an immunotherapeutic vaccine that is in Phase II clinical trials for patients with HER-2/neu positive breast cancer. The company markets its products through distributors and retail chains in Ecuador, Canada, and the United States. It has collaboration with Fertin Pharma A/S for the development of a metformin medicinal chewing gum.

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