The National Institutes of Health (NIH), through its own research and the distribution of grants, seeks to understand disease inside and out. Part of the US Department of Health and Human Services, the NIH is the government's main medical research entity. It comprises 27 institutes and centers covering every medical discipline, from general medical sciences to alternative therapies. The organization has nearly 6,000 scientists of its own and gives out some 50,000 grants to researchers at more than 3,000 universities, hospitals, and research labs in all 50 states. Among its vast array of projects, NIH has supported efforts to develop an AIDS vaccine, map human genetic variation, and study avian flu.

TolerRx, Inc. company develops therapies to treat patients with autoimmune diseases, including Type I diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Organ transplant rejection is also a target. The company's treatments induce immunological tolerance, or teach a body's immune system to recognize its own tissues and prevent it from attacking the tissue and causing disease. TolerRx has five autoimmune and two cancer/chronic viral drugs in the pipeline. The immune drugs include treatments for Type I diabetes, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus. TolerRx was founded in 2000 by Herman Waldmann and Douglas J. Ringler.

Senetek PLC (Senetek) is a life sciences company engaged in the development of technologies that target the science of healthy aging. The Company’s business consists of two business segments: dermatological/skincare compounds principally addressing photoaging and other skincare needs (Skincare), and pharmaceuticals, principally those addressing sales of monoclonal antibodies, sexual dysfunction and drug delivery of liquid injectable products (automatic injectors) (Pharmaceutical). The Skincare segment’s products include Pyratine-6, 4HBAP and Kinetin. The Pharmaceutical segment’s products include Invicorp, Reliaject, and diagnostic monoclonal antibodies used in Alzheimer’s and other disease research, which the Company licenses from Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene (RFMH) and sells to Covance Antibody Services Inc. The Company has three wholly owned subsidiaries, Senetek Drug Delivery Technologies Inc. (SSDT), Carme Cosmeceutical Sciences Inc. (CCSI) and Senetek Denmark ApS.

Antigenics was founded in 1994 and is headquartered in Lexington, Massachusetts. Antigenics Inc., a biotechnology company, engages in developing and commercializing technologies to treat cancers and infectious diseases, primarily based on immunological approaches. Its products include Oncophage (vitespen), a patient-specific therapeutic cancer vaccine registered for use in the Russia Federation, as well as under review by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of kidney cancer patients with earlier-stage disease. The company tested Oncophage in phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma; and phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials for various indications, as well as in phase 2 clinical trial for the treatment of recurrent glioma, a type of brain cancer. Its product candidate portfolio also includes QS-21 Stimulon adjuvant, which is used in various vaccines under development in trials for diseases, such as hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, malaria, and tuberculosis; AG-707, a therapeutic vaccine program for the treatment of genital herpes; and Aroplatin, a liposomal chemotherapeutic for the treatment of solid malignancies and B-cell lymphomas. The company was formerly known as Antigenics L.L.C. and changed its name to Antigenics, Inc. in February 2000.

Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. was founded in 2000 and is based in Mountain View, California. Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a specialty pharmaceutical development stage company, focuses on the research, development, and commercialization of products for the acute treatment of central nervous system conditions. Its technology, Staccato system, vaporizes an excipient-free drug to form a condensation aerosol that allows for systemic drug delivery. The company has six product candidates in clinical development, including AZ-004 (Staccato loxapine) that completed Phase 3 clinical trial for the acute treatment of agitation in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder; AZ-104 (Staccato loxapine), which completed Phase 2a clinical trial to treat patients suffering from acute migraine headaches; and AZ-001 (Staccato prochlorperazine) that completed Phase 2b clinical trials to treat patients suffering from acute migraine headaches.Alexza products in clinical development also include AZ-007 (Staccato zaleplon), which completed Phase 1 clinical trial for the treatment of insomnia in patients who have difficulty falling asleep, including patients who awake in the middle of the night and have difficulty falling back asleep; AZ-003 that completed Phase 1 clinical trial (Staccato fentanyl) for the treatment of patients with acute pain, including patients with breakthrough cancer pain and postoperative patients with acute pain episodes; and AZ-002 (Staccato alprazolam), which completed Phase 2a proof-of-concept clinical trial for the treatment of panic attacks. The company has a development agreement with Autoliv ASP, Inc. to develop heat packages to incorporate into the company's single dose drug delivery devices. It was formerly known as Alexza Molecular Delivery Corporation and changed its name to Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in July 2005.

MonoSol Rx, Inc. company develops thin film versions (about the size of a postage stamp) of new and existing prescription and over-the-counter drugs for colds, nausea, pain, and other ailments. MonoSol creates its thin film products, which are easier to take than tablets or capsules, primarily through partnerships with other pharmaceutical companies. Brands of current drug candidates for its thin film strips include Ambien, a sleep aid, and Lexapro, an anti-depressant. The company has a manufacturing facility in Portage, Indiana, and focuses on creating products for US, Europe, and Asia/Pacific markets.

Cambrex Corporation was founded in 1981 and is based in East Rutherford, New Jersey. Cambrex Corporation, a life sciences company, provides products and services to develop and commercialize active pharmaceutical ingredients and advanced intermediates. Its products include active pharmaceutical ingredients and pharmaceutical intermediates for use in the production of prescription and over-the-counter drug products, and other custom chemicals derived from organic chemistry. The company sells its products through direct sales and independent agents to pharmaceutical and generic drug companies worldwide.

Virbac Corporation makes animal health and pet-care products and sells them to veterinarians and retailers. For dogs and cats it makes C.E.T dental products, Allederm dermatological products, and digestive and hairball remedies. The company's Iverhart medication prevents heartworms in dogs. Virbac also makes antibiotics, dewormer, and euthanasia products. Its other brands include Biomox, Clintabs, and Vetasyl. In addition to producing its own animal health products, the company provides contract manufacturing through subsidiary PM Resources. The company is owned by Virbac SA.

Grifols, Inc. company provides products and services through three primary divisions: bioscience, diagnostic, and hospital. The bioscience division processes plasma from the company's collection centers into therapeutic derivative products such as coagulation factors and liver dialysis products. Its diagnostic division makes reagents and testing devices and instruments for laboratories, including blood bags, separators, incubators, and refrigerators. Grifols provides equipment, software, nutritional products, and IV preparations for hospitals and pharmacies through its hospital division. The company operates nationwide and is a subsidiary of Spain-based Grifols, S.A.

MAP Pharmaceuticals was founded in 2003 and is headquartered in Mountain View, California. MAP Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a development stage company, engages in developing drug candidates to treat local respiratory and treatable diseases primarily in the United States. The company develops inhalable drug particles to facilitate pulmonary delivery. Its proprietary product candidates in clinical development include Unit Dose Budesonide, a nebulized version of budesonide for the treatment of asthma in children; and MAP0004, an orally inhaled version of dihydroergotamine for the treatment of migraine. MAPP company's product portfolio also includes the earlier stage product candidates, which include MAP0005, an inhaled corticosteroid and beta-agonist for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and MAP0001, a formulation of insulin for the treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes through pulmonary delivery using Tempo inhaler. It has a collaborations and license agreements with AstraZeneca, Elan Pharma International, Nektar Therapeutics, and Xemplar Pharmaceuticals.

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